As the International Space Station (ISS) passed over the Pacific Ocean on July 23rd, 2025, astronaut Jonny Kim captured a striking image of Canadarm2 with the Dextre robotic hand attached. This November, this photo now marks more than just a visual milestone; it celebrates 25 years of continuous human presence in orbit and the ongoing success of the station’s Canadian-built robotic systems.
Canadarm2 and Dextre are now being credited not only with sustaining the ISS but also with influencing breakthroughs in surgical robotics on Earth, according to a recent feature from NASA.
Critical Role in ISS Operations
Built by Canada, Canadarm2 and Dextre have become central to the station’s daily functions. Alongside the Mobile Base System, the two robots are responsible for much of the external maintenance, cargo handling, and equipment installation on the orbiting lab.
The 17-meter-long Canadarm2 was essential in assembling the station and remains vital for operations such as capturing incoming cargo spacecraft and positioning astronauts during spacewalks. Equipped with identical latching end effectors at both ends, the arm can anchor itself or grab objects with high precision. It moves in an end-over-end “walking” motion along the station’s exterior, connecting to designated grapple points that supply it with power, data, and video feeds.
Despite its dexterity, Canadarm2 is remarkably strong, capable of maneuvering payloads up to 116,000 kilograms. It’s also built for longevity. Over the years, astronauts have replaced key components like the wrist joint and end effectors during spacewalks, demonstrating the system’s modular, repairable design.
Attached to Canadarm2 is Dextre, a two-armed manipulator designed for more delicate, fine-motor tasks. Officially known as the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator, Dextre helps reduce the need for risky human spacewalks by handling routine repairs and upgrades.
Each of Dextre’s arms has seven joints, providing a wider range of motion than a human limb. Its “hands” include tools like motorized wrenches, high-resolution cameras, and power and data connectors. These allow it to install or replace components ranging from refrigerator-sized modules to small safety caps, with precision down to the millimeter.
Dextre has also been used to test tools and techniques for future satellite servicing. It can be operated remotely from Earth, and includes features like an ammonia “sniffer” to help detect coolant leaks on the ISS.
From Orbit to the Operating Room
The impact of these robotic systems goes beyond space. Technology derived from Canadarm2 and Dextre has led to the development of several medical innovations here on Earth.
Among them is neuroArm, the first robot capable of performing neurosurgery while guided by real-time MRI. It uses control systems inspired by Canadarm2’s precise movement capabilities. Similarly, IGAR, a robotic device for image-guided breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, owes its design principles to Dextre’s fine control. Modus V, a robotic digital microscope now used in complex surgeries, also traces its roots to space robotics.
A Legacy That Extends Beyond Orbit
The work of Canadarm2 and Dextre highlights not just Canada’s key role in space exploration, but how smart engineering in orbit can make life better down here on Earth. By handling tough, sometimes risky tasks outside the ISS, these robots free up astronauts to focus on science - and help keep them safe while doing it.
As NASA looks ahead to sending humans back to the Moon and eventually to Mars, the ISS remains an essential testing ground. And thanks to the legacy of Canadarm2 and Dextre, what started as tools for space repair are now shaping tools that help doctors save lives in operating rooms around the world.
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